Reconocimiento docente de los valores éticos y morales en la formación curricular de la carrera de odontología de la Universidad de Viña del Mar, Chile / Teaching recognition of ethical and moral values in the curriculum training of the dentistry career of the Universidad de Viña del Mar, Chile

El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar la coherencia entre lo declarado por los programas de estudios de pregrado en la carrera de Odontología de la Universidad de Viña del Mar, en relación a los valores éticos y morales y, cómo son reconocidos efectivamente por los docentes en los estudiantes. El diseño de investigación corresponde a un estudio descriptivo y transversal. Para esto se adaptaron dos instrumentos, el primero: "cuestionario sobre percepción en la categorización de valores" que busca determinar la importancia que le dan los docentes a los valores. Mientras que en el segundo: "Encuesta sobre valores en estudiantes de odontología" solicita que cada docente evalúe la frecuencia con que se manifiestan ciertos valores éticos y morales en sus estudiantes. Se consideraron los 28 académicos que constituyen la totalidad del universo de docentes clínicos de los cursos de 4to y 5to años de la carrera de odontología en el año 2019. Se discuten los resultados comparándolos con experiencias similares en otras instituciones. Los resultados muestran la percepción y el reconocimiento de los valores por parte del cuerpo docente en los estudiantes, donde se identificó que los valores incorporados de mejor manera son la dignidad, el trato humano y el dialogo; mientras que la autocrítica y el conocimiento fueron los menos incorporados, estos son clave para establecer reflexión y mejoras en los planes de estudio. Se marca el punto de inicio para la generación de futuras líneas de investigación que incorporen otros aspectos como la perspectiva de los pacientes, los estudiantes, así como también continuar recabando información para utilizar metodologías que puedan contribuir a la integración de valores y poner en debate la importancia de ellos en la formación de pregrado.

The aim of this article is to determine the coherence between what is declared by the undergraduate study programs in the Dentistry career at the University of Viña del Mar, in relation to ethical and moral values and how they are effectively recognized by teachers in the students. The research design corresponds to a descriptive and cross-sectional study. Two instruments were adapted for this, the first: "questionnaire on perception in the categorization of values" that seeks to determine the importance that teachers give to values. While in the second: "Survey on values in dentistry students" requests that each teacher evaluates the frequency of certain ethical and moral values which are manifested in their students. 28 academics constituting the entire universe of clinical teachers of the 4th and 5th year courses of dentistry career in 2019 were considered. The results were discussed, comparing them with similar experiences in other institutions. Results show the perception and recognition of the values by the teaching staff in the students. These values incorporated in the best way were dignity, humane treatment and dialogue; while self-criticism and knowledge were the least incorporated. These are key values to establish a reflection and subsequent improvements in the study plans. This article marks a starting point for the generation of future lines of research that incorporate other aspects such as the perspective of patients, students, as well as continuing to collect information to use methodologies that can contribute to the integration of values and put them into a debate about the importance of them in undergraduate training.

La Comisión Nacional de Bioética de Chile: una tarea pendiente: aportes de la experiencia de las comisiones nacionales de bioética de México e Italia / A Comissão Nacional de Bioética do Chile: uma tarefa pendente: contribuições da experiência das comissões nacionais de bioética do México e da Itália / The Bioethics National Commission in Chile: a pending task: contributions from the experience of national bioethics commissions of Mexico and Italy

El objetivo de este trabajo es discurrir sobre los orígenes, naturaleza, integración y funciones de las Comisiones Nacionales de Bioética de México e Italia, con el fin de extraer experiencia que pudiese ayudar al momento de implementar la Comisión Nacional de Bioética de Chile. La investigación es cualitativa-interpretativa, fenomenológica, descriptiva y bibliográfica. Se infiere que la Comisión Nacional Bioética de Chile, para cumplir la función encomendada, debiese considerar la experiencia de otras comisiones, en particular la de México e Italia.

The aim of this study is to reflect on the origin, nature, integration and functions of National Bioethics Commissions of Mexico and Italy, with the goal to draw helpful experience for implementing the National Bioethics Commission in Chile. The study is qualitative-interpretative, phenomenological, descriptive and bibliographical. It is inferred that the National Bioethics Commission in Chile, in order to fulfill the function entrusted, it must consider the experience of other commissions, in particular that of Mexico and Italy.

O objetivo deste trabalho é discorrer sobre as orígens, natureza, integração e funções das Comissões Nacionais de Bioética do México e da Itália, com a finalidade de obter experiência que possa ajudar na ocasião de implementar a Comissão Nacional de Bioética do Chile. A investigação é qualitativa-interpretativa, fenomenológica, descritiva e bibliográfica. Infere-se que a Comissão Nacional Bioética do Chile, para cumprir a função para a qual foi encarregada, deveria considerar a experiência de outras comissões, em particular a do México e da Itália.

In vitro fertilization (IVF) in mammals: epigenetic and developmental alterations: scientific and bioethical implications for IVF in humans

The advent of in vitro fertilization (IVF) in animals and humans implies an extraordinary change in the environment where the beginning of a new organism takes place. In mammals fertilization occurs in the maternal oviduct, where there are unique conditions for guaranteeing the encounter of the gametes and the first stages of development of the embryo and thus its future. During this period a major epigenetic reprogramming takes place that is crucial for the normal fate of the embryo. This epigenetic reprogramming is very vulnerable to changes in environmental conditions such as the ones implied in IVF, including in vitro culture, nutrition, light, temperature, oxygen tension, embryo-maternal signaling, and the general absence of protection against foreign elements that could affect the stability of this process. The objective of this review is to update the impact of the various conditions inherent in the use of IVF on the epigenetic profile and outcomes of mammalian embryos, including superovulation, IVF technique, embryo culture and manipulation and absence of embryo-maternal signaling. It also covers the possible transgenerational inheritance of the epigenetic alterations associated with assisted reproductive technologies (ART), including its phenotypic consequences as is in the case of the large offspring syndrome (LOS). Finally, the important scientific and bioethical implications of the results found in animals are discussed in terms of the ART in humans.

Turismo con células madre y requisitos para su uso clínico: desafíos bioéticos más allá del embrión / Bioethical challenges of stem cell tourism

Stem cells have drawn extraordinary attention from scientists and the general public due to their potential to generate effective therapies for incurable diseases. At the same time, the production of embryonic stem cells involves a serious ethical issue concerning the destruction of human embryos. Although adult stem cells and induced pluripotential cells do not pose this ethical objection, there are other bioethical challenges common to all types of stem cells related particularly to the clinical use of stem cells. Their clinical use should be based on clinical trials, and in special situations, medical innovation, both of which have particular ethical dimensions. The media has raised unfounded expectations in patients and the public about the real clinical benefits of stem cells. At the same time, the number of unregulated clinics is increasing around the world, making direct offers through Internet of unproven stem cell therapies that attract desperate patients that have not found solutions in standard medicine. This is what is called stem cells tourism. This article reviews this situation, its consequences and the need for international cooperation to establish effective regulations to prevent the exploitation of patients and to endanger the prestige of legitimate stem cell research.

Bioethical aspects of basic research and medical applications of human stem cells

The new discoveries, the extraordinary dynamism in human stem cell (SC) research, and the great expectations of the benefits in clinical treatment of many diseases are on the edge of unparalleled advances in both: 1) the understanding of basic mechanisms of cell differentiation and development and 2) the translation from basic research to new clinical therapies. Human stem cells are obtained from different sources, such as embryo, fetal, and adult tissues, in vitro induction (iPS cells) or transdifferentiation. The evidence that these cells are pluripotent (or multipotent), meaning they have the ability to differentiate into all body tissues or tissues of the same lineage, raises the possibility that they could regenerate diseased or damaged tissue in diseases that until now have had no effective treatments. Human stem cell research and therapy raise important bioethical considerations because of the human nature of these cells and their peculiar characteristics. Here we discuss the bioethical aspects of basic human SC research and the conditions necessary for the translation of basic preclinical research into clinical use of SC.

The beginning of life of a new human being from the scientific biological perspective and its bioethical implications

The issue of when the human life begins is a very important subject since it has a significant impact on the decisions that we have to take in relation to human beings in development, particularly human embryos. In this article we discuss some of the more relevant biological evidence supporting the fact that beginning human life begins unquestionably at fertilization and the bioethical consequences.

Aportes de la epigenética en la comprensión del desarrollo del ser humano: [revisión] / Contribution of epigenetics to understand human development: [review]

Epigenetics refers to the study of how genes produce their effect on the phenotype of the organism. This article is a review on the scope and importance of recently discovered epigenetic mechanisms on human development and their relationship to perinatal epidemiological issues. It shows a general view and present concepts about epigenetics and its contribution to the comprehension of several physiologic and pathological conditions of human beings. Secondly, it analyzes the evidence coming from epidemiological and animal studies, about the influence of events that occur in the perinatal and early postnatal periods on adult life and the possible epigenetic mechanisms involved. Lastly, it underscores the implications ofthese results of future research and the design of public policies that take into account the importance of events in early life in thefuture development of individuals.

Pesquisando conceitos e tendências em psicoterapia e psicanálise / Researching concepts and tendencies in psychotherapy and psychoanalysis / Investigando conceptos y tendencias en psicoterapia y psicoanalisis

Este trabalho discute sobre as dificuldades e possibilidades de se desenvolver pesquisa em psicoterapia e psicanálise, demonstrando como a aplicação prática da metodologia qualitativa, através da análise de conteúdo, pode ser de grande utilidade científica na pesquisa conceitual, empírica e clínica, e, conseqüentemente, observa tendências, servindo de base para investigações futuras. Mencionam-se algumas tendências atuais de investigação qualitativa conceitual em psicanálise e comentam-se os trabalhos desenvolvidos na pós-graduação em psiquiatria da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul sobre contratransferência e processo analítico, recentemente publicados no International Journal of Psychoanalysis, como exemplos dessas possibilidades.

This work discusses the difficulties and possibilities of developing research in psychotherapy and psychoanalysis, showing how the practical application of the qualitative methodology by analyzing the content may be very useful from the scientific perspective, in conceptual, empirical and clinical research, and, consequently, observes tendencies and provides a base for further investigation. A few current trends of conceptual qualitative investigation in psychoanalysis are mentioned, and the studies developed in the graduate program of Psychiatry at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul on countertransference and the analytic process, recently published in the International Journal of Psychoanalysis are discussed as examples of these possibilities.

Los autores discuten sobre las dificultades y posibilidades de realizar una investigación en psicoterapia y psicoanálisis, demostrando como la aplicación práctica de la metodología cualitativa, a través del análisis del contenido puede ser de gran utilidad científica, en la investigación conceptual, empírica y clínica y, consecuentemente, observar tendencias, sirviendo de base para otras investigaciones futuras. Son mencionadas algunas tendencias actuales de investigación cualitativa conceptual en psicoanálisis y comentados los trabajos realizados en la pos-graduación en Psiquiatría de la Universidad Federal do Rio Grande do Sul sobre contra transferencia y proceso analítico, recientemente publicados en el Internacional Journal of Psychoanalysis, como ejemplos de esas posibilidades.

Evaluation of the role of the Endoplasmic Reticulum-Golgi transit in the biogenesis of peroxisomal membrane proteins in wild type and peroxisome biogenesis mutant CHO cells

Peroxisomes are thought to be formed by division of pre-existing peroxisomes after the import of newly synthesized proteins. However, it has been recently suggested that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) provides an alternative de novo mechanism for peroxisome biogenesis in some cells. To test a possible role of the ER-Golgi transit in peroxisome biogenesis in mammalian cells, we evaluated the biogenesis of three peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs): ALDRP (adrenoleukodystrophy related protein), PMP70 and Pex3p in CHO cells. We constructed chimeric genes encoding these PMPs and green fluorescent protein (GFP), and transiently transfected them to wild type and mutant CHO cells, in which normal peroxisomes were replaced by peroxisomal membrane ghosts. The expressed proteins were targeted to peroxisomes and peroxisomal ghosts correctly in the presence or absence of Brefeldin A (BFA), a drug known to block the ER-Golgi transit. Furthermore, low temperature did not disturb the targeting of Pex3p-GFP to peroxisomes. We also constructed two chimeric proteins of PMPs containing an ER retention signal "DEKKMP": GFP-ALDRP-DEKKMP and myc- Pex3p-DEKKMP. These proteins were mostly targeted to peroxisomes. No colocalization with an ER maker was found. These results suggest that the classical ER-Golgi pathway does not play a major role in the biogenesis of mammalian PMPs.

Contratransferência em psicoterapia e psiquiatria hoje / Countertransference in psychotherapy and psychiatry today

Os autores procuram demonstrar que, embora ainda existam diferenças entre as diversas escolas teóricas da psicanálise, uma estreita área de convergência emergiu relativa à utilidade da contratransferência como elemento técnico para compreender o paciente. A contratransferência está incluída na técnica psicanalítica, seja com a denominação original (contratransferência propriamente dita), seja em algum conceito correlato que a inclui como identificação projetiva, campo analítico, role-responsiveness, enactment (encenação), intersubjetividade e terceiro analítico, personagem e histórias possíveis, etc. Tornou-se um conceito a partir do qual outros conceitos se constroem. Seu significado não se prende apenas à técnica, no entanto. A teoria psicanalítica muda a partir dele, tornando-se uma teoria da dupla, ou do vínculo, isto é, dos fenômenos que ocorrem no par analítico, e não mais apenas no paciente. Há, nesse sentido, uma mudança do próprio paradigma, na medida em que os fatos agora se referem não mais a um indivíduo, mas a uma interação entre dois indivíduos, só sendo compreendida enquanto produto daqueles dois. O que era uma psicologia de um torna-se uma psicologia do vínculo que une dois. É enfatizado como este elemento da técnica pode ser útil em psiquiatria, psicoterapia e psicanálise. A utilização da medicação, sua aceitação ou não e a aderência ao tratamento podem ser compreendidas de forma mais completa se o psiquiatra usar de seus sentimentos e buscar entender o vínculo que se estabeleceu entre ele e seu paciente, seja ele psicótico, borderline ou neurótico. Os autores concluem que a contratransferência não se refere apenas aos sentimentos do terapeuta na sessão, mas significa a utilização, de forma ampla, da subjetividade do próprio analista/terapeuta/clínico para a compreensão mais ampla e profunda do seu paciente, de um modo mais completo, por abarcar não somente fenômenos visíveis à superfície, mas, principalmente, por incluir sentimentos e significados que jazem no âmago inconsciente de cada indivíduo, ocultos, obscuros, mas determinantes e definidores de seu comportamento.

Caráter e psicoterapia / Character and psychoterapy

Faz-se referência à abordagem do caráter em psicoterapia, a partir do entendimento do papel das relaçöes de objeto na dinâmica do paciente, e de como essas relaçöes säo captadas pela contra-transparência do terapeuta e, entäo, reveladas ao paciente (AL)